春風化雨

談談艾略特的另一首情歌:《一位女士的肖像》

Portrait of a Lady by T.S. Eliot

趙蘭潤

 

- 前言 -

 

《一位女士的肖像》取名自亨利·詹姆士Henry James同名小說,但內容卻沒什麼關係。艾略特的這首詩寫於《阿普情歌》(“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”同一時期。此詩的主角是位成熟的女士,她以非常技巧的方法及言語向她心儀的一位年輕男士表白,不似阿普那麼懦弱,思前顧後,猶豫不決。此詩雖不那麼震撼,卻也引起不少迴響。艾略特以女士的獨白,加上年輕男士的心中回應,描繪了一首情歌,讀來有戲劇感,特別生動。其實作者也是位戲劇家,他的劇本「雞尾酒會」(The Cocktail Party1950年獲得東尼最佳戲劇獎(Best Play, Tony Award

詩分三部,主角成熟而有修養。她用婉轉的言語,對那男士巧妙地表白,娓娓道來,如怨如訴,可惜卻沒有引起他的共鳴,反倒讓他感到煩悶,不安而頭痛。基於年齡及生活經驗之差別,他最後決定結束這關係。但他真的完全做到了嗎?

這首詩也像首樂曲,曲分三章:序曲、中場及尾聲。

第一章:他們剛聽完鋼琴音樂演奏,她便利用機會由蕭邦感人的前奏曲,說到朋友、友情的重要,並暗示,他有她選友的品值。她的弦外之音,飄著鳳求凰的音符,令他不安。這不但沒引起他的共鳴,反而令他感到頭痛,想要走出去透透氣。躲到一個男人活動(而有教養的女士不去)的地方,如吸煙、逛大街或喝黑啤酒等。

第二章:四月春暖花開,她請他飲下午茶。房中放了一大盆丁香花,她手拿一支和他說話,並不斷地扭轉手中的花枝。她告訴他青春寶貴,要珍惜光陰,大有「勸君珍惜少年時,花開堪折直須折」之意。他只能報以微笑,默默飲茶。她又說她以為他了解她的心意……這些話令他感到不安,拿起帽子,怯怯地告別,告訴她可以在公園中找到他。他且暗示,她的興趣與他不同。他喜歡報上的體育、社會新聞和卡通等等。但他暗中也奇怪當他聽到音樂像是街上的俗老的音樂;聞到花香,也會聯想到浪漫(或她?),不過這想法,對他也不過是瞬間之事,他馬上修正他的感覺。

第三章:他決定離開她,遠走高飛。一個十月的下午,他懷著抱歉的心情到她家告別。她鎮靜相待,請求以後保持書信來往。她後來的一番話,令他不知所措、如何是好。她不卑不亢,婉轉中有真言,理解中有埋怨。這引起了他的自責,感到無地自容,不知所作所為是對還是錯。他後來幻想她若死了,這首曲子就是否真的結束了。他是否應該負責,他那微笑的面具也戴不住了。

艾略特的詩中常引用古典的詞句。此詩所用不多,只出現了莎翁名劇羅密歐與茱麗葉,希臘神話中除腳踝外,全身刀槍不入的英雄阿奇利斯Achilles,以及借用到Matthew Arnold’s poem “The Buried Life”

Grover Smith是一位研究艾略特文學的學者,他認為此詩中的少年是犯了罪。他並談道這三部曲中,描繪出了這個少年的心理變化:由開始的保持微笑、自我感覺良好自負,到心中不安,再到最後的猶豫及自責。另一位學者,George Williamson,認為這首詩描繪了一位成熟的女士及一位未成熟的阿普,是描繪兩人肖像的一部詩。

在艾略特的一篇論文中,漢姆雷特和他的問題(“Hamlet and His Problems”中,他談到詩的藝術及「客觀對應物」(“Objective Correlative”。他認為用詩的藝術表達感情應找到客觀的對應物。換言之,就是找到某個東西,如現象、環境、聲音、色彩等等用以形容某時的特別感覺及情緒,使其達到「見物思情」之效。在此詩中,那煙霧、音樂、花香及斟茶等頗耐人尋味。

其實這種概念和中國古詩的意境非常相似。例如在王維「相思」中的紅豆,李白「靜夜思」中的明月,李後主辭中的寂寞梧桐及深秋等,彼彼皆是。

艾略特的好友,他的伯樂,出版社團夥伴,有名的現代詩人艾茲拉·龐德(Ezra Pound就非常欣賞中國的古詩詞。有趣的是,龐德不懂中文,卻用第三手的中國詩詞筆記,花了二年時間創作並在1915年出版了英文版的中國古詩詞「華夏集」(“Cathay”(艾略特說他是英文「語言」中國詩的inventor。他在這本詩集中收錄了不少李白的詩,如「玉階怨」這首絕妙的名古樂府詩。它雖然描寫的是閨怨,但在全詩正文中沒有出現一個「怨」字。詩中那寂寞的、望穿秋水的等待情懷全飄蕩在詩中的字裡行間,令龐德非常欣賞。

此處附上「玉階怨」原文及龐德的譯文:

玉階怨

李白

玉階生白露,夜久侵羅襪。
卻下水精簾,玲瓏望秋月。

 

The Jewel Stairs' Grievances

(Translated by Ezra Pound)

 

The jeweled steps are already quite white with dew,

It is so late that the dew soaks my gauze stockings.

And I let down the crystal curtain,

And watch the moon through the clear autumn.

 

   姑且不論他的翻「意」方法是否能傳達中國名詩人的功力及才華,難能可貴的是他在注(Note中也提到此詩之妙,即文中無「怨」字:“The poem is especially prized because she utters no direct reproach”。「華夏集」出版後曾引起英美詩壇的讚揚,並對英語詩歌頗有貢獻,相信它也啟發了不少青年詩人的靈感及創作。

在艾略特做學生時,曾應邀到一位社會名女士Adelene Moffat家中飲下午茶。她的家中佈置高雅,有不少小飾品和擺設(bric-à-brac)。此時的背景可能受到Moffat家中氣氛的影響,不過Ms. Moffat並不是詩中的那位女士。

那麼誰是這位女士呢?根據幾位學者的猜測,可能與艾略特上大學時的一位朋友Emily Hale有點關聯(也許是影響,也許是靈感)。Ms. Hale曾與艾略特來往密切,後來艾略特到歐洲留學不歸,並入籍英國,但他們一直有書信來往,前後曾有一千多封信。Ms. Hale將艾略特的信保存完好,後來捐到Princeton University的圖書館,聲明等二人往生五十年後再公諸於世。這些信去年九月終於公開,等疫情過後,可能有很多學者去研究。我很期待他們的研究成果,並希望有機會親自去看看T.S. Eliot的親筆書信。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- 正文

 

Portrait of a Lady

BY T. S. ELIOT  趙蘭潤 譯

 

Thou hast committed —

Fornication: but that was in another country,

And besides, the wench is dead.

(The Jew of Malta)


- 引子 -

你犯了——
不倫之罪:不過那是在別的國家,
況且,那女的死了。
           
克里斯多·馬洛·馬它的猶太人

 

I

Among the smoke and fog of a December afternoon

You have the scene arrange itself — as it will seem to do—

With "I have saved this afternoon for you";

And four wax candles in the darkened room,

Four rings of light upon the ceiling overhead,

An atmosphere of Juliet's tomb

Prepared for all the things to be said, or left unsaid.

We have been, let us say, to hear the latest Pole

Transmit the Preludes, through his hair and finger-tips.

"So intimate, this Chopin, that I think his soul

Should be resurrected only among friends

Some two or three, who will not touch the bloom

That is rubbed and questioned in the concert room."

—And so the conversation slips

Among velleities and carefully caught regrets

Through attenuated tones of violins

Mingled with remote cornets

And begins.

 

"You do not know how much they mean to me, my friends,

And how, how rare and strange it is, to find

In a life composed so much, so much of odds and ends,

(For indeed I do not love it ... you knew? you are not blind!

How keen you are!)

To find a friend who has these qualities,

Who has, and gives

Those qualities upon which friendship lives.

How much it means that I say this to you —

Without these friendships — life, what cauchemar!"

Among the winding of the violins

And the ariettes

Of cracked cornets

Inside my brain a dull tom-tom begins

Absurdly hammering a prelude of its own,

Capricious monotone

That is at least one definite "false note."

— Let us take the air, in a tobacco trance,

Admire the monuments,

Discuss the late events,

Correct our watches by the public clocks.

Then sit for half an hour and drink our bocks.

 

- 譯文 -

I
在一個煙霧濛濛十二月的下午
妳順勢按排了這幕就像是——
我為你留下了這個下午」;
四支臘燭點在調暗的屋中,
四個光圈照在頭上的天花板頂,
気氛像朱麗葉的墳墓
預備了所説的,或沒説的話。
我們,說起來,剛聼完一塲波蘭音樂演奏
演前奏曲者,從髪根到手指尖使出渾身解數
真帖心啊,這個肅邦,我覺得他的心靈
只應該回蕩在朋友圈中
二個或三個,就不會破壞才華的錠放
也不會受到在大㕔中的壓力及評估
——
於是話題就此滑入
微妙的感受和婉轉的婉惜
在軽軽的小提琴聲
混著小喇叭演奏
開啓序幕


「你不知道他們對我多麼重要,我的朋友們,
而且,多麼難能可貴,能找到
在此復雜人生,瑣碎生活中
(
其實我非喜歡這些,妳知道嗎?妳沒有瞎!
妳很精明啊!)
找到一個朋友有這些優點,
他擁有,且分享
這些優點使友誼長存不枯,
我給你說這些多麼意義深遠
——
沒有友誼,人生就是悪夢!」
在小提琴纏繞聲中
加上小奏曲
來自沙啞的喇叭中
我的腦袋裡一個悶咚咚聲開始跳動
一個荒謬的敲擊,打出其獨特的前奏曲,
反復無常的單音單律
其中至少有一奌是確定
——「走調」
——讓我們出去透氣,吸支煙陶醉一番,
欣賞記念牌,
談談新的韻事,
和大街上的大鐘對對錶.
然後坐半小時喝點黑啤酒。

 

II

Now that lilacs are in bloom

She has a bowl of lilacs in her room

And twists one in her fingers while she talks.

"Ah, my friend, you do not know, you do not know

What life is, you who hold it in your hands";

(Slowly twisting the lilac stalks)

"You let it flow from you, you let it flow,

And youth is cruel, and has no remorse

And smiles at situations which it cannot see."

I smile, of course,

And go on drinking tea.

"Yet with these April sunsets, that somehow recall

My buried life, and Paris in the Spring,

I feel immeasurably at peace, and find the world

To be wonderful and youthful, after all."

 

The voice returns like the insistent out-of-tune

Of a broken violin on an August afternoon:

"I am always sure that you understand

My feelings, always sure that you feel,

Sure that across the gulf you reach your hand.

 

You are invulnerable, you have no Achilles' heel.

You will go on, and when you have prevailed

You can say: at this point many a one has failed.

 

But what have I, but what have I, my friend,

To give you, what can you receive from me?

Only the friendship and the sympathy

Of one about to reach her journey's end.

 

I shall sit here, serving tea to friends ...."

 

I take my hat: how can I make a cowardly amends

For what she has said to me?

You will see me any morning in the park

Reading the comics and the sporting page.

Particularly I remark.

An English countess goes upon the stage.

A Greek was murdered at a Polish dance,

Another bank defaulter has confessed.

I keep my countenance,

I remain self-possessed

Except when a street-piano, mechanical and tired

Reiterates some worn-out common song

With the smell of hyacinths across the garden

Recalling things that other people have desired.

Are these ideas right or wrong?

 

- 譯文-

II
現在是丁香盛開的季節
她的屋
裏放了一盆丁香花

拿一支在手轉動著說話。
「啊,我的朋友,你不知道,你不知道
人生是什麼,你握在你手中」;
(
慢慢的轉動著丁香花枝)
「你讓它從你身邊溜走,你讓它溜走,
青春無情,也不能反悔
笑對那不能預測的情境。」
我保持笑容,當然,
繼續飲茶。

「但那些四月的日落,不僅回憶起
我失落的人生,巴黎的春天,
讓我感到無限的恬靜,發現這世界
到底還是美好年軽!」

這聲音回響著頑固的走調
像八月下午的破提琴音沒調好:
「我一直以為你了解
我的感覺,一直以為你也感到,
確信你會伸出手來拉過這溝界。

你是不可能打敗的,你沒有像阿奇利斯的致命的弱點。
你會繼續往前,當你成功
你可以説,此刻很多人曾經失敗。
但我有什麼,我有什麼,我的朋友,
給你啊,你能從這裏得到什麼?
只是友情及同情
從一個她快走到盡頭的人生。

我將㑹坐在這裏,給朋友斟茶...

我拿起我的帽子: 我怎能怯怯地回應
她剛才的訴情?
妳可以白天早上在公園看到我
在看報上體育版和卡通
我特別注意到
一個英國伯爵夫人卻在舞台上表演...
一個希臘人在一起波蘭舞會被殺,
又一個銀行騙子自首。
我保持冷靜
無動於衷
只是當街上有人用老樂器放奏
老音樂重復著老舊的俗歌
混着從花園中飄出的花信子花香
會喚起那別人曾響往的溫情。
這種想法是對還是錯?

III

The October night comes down; returning as before

Except for a slight sensation of being ill at ease

I mount the stairs and turn the handle of the door

And feel as if I had mounted on my hands and knees.

"And so you are going abroad; and when do you return?

But that's a useless question.

You hardly know when you are coming back,

You will find so much to learn."

My smile falls heavily among the bric-à-brac.

 

"Perhaps you can write to me."

My self-possession flares up for a second;

This is as I had reckoned.

"I have been wondering frequently of late

(But our beginnings never know our ends!)

Why we have not developed into friends."

I feel like one who smiles, and turning shall remark

Suddenly, his expression in a glass.

My self-possession gutters; we are really in the dark.

 

"For everybody said so, all our friends,

They all were sure our feelings would relate

So closely! I myself can hardly understand.

We must leave it now to fate.

You will write, at any rate.

Perhaps it is not too late.

I shall sit here, serving tea to friends."

And I must borrow every changing shape

To find expression ... dance, dance

Like a dancing bear,

Cry like a parrot, chatter like an ape.

Let us take the air, in a tobacco trance—

Well! and what if she should die some afternoon,

Afternoon grey and smoky, evening yellow and rose;

Should die and leave me sitting pen in hand

With the smoke coming down above the housetops;

Doubtful, for quite a while

Not knowing what to feel or if I understand

Or whether wise or foolish, tardy or too soon ...

Would she not have the advantage, after all?

This music is successful with a "dying fall"

Now that we talk of dying—

And should I have the right to smile?

 

- 譯文-

III
十月的夜晚來臨,回訪像以往,
只是略有不安
我爬上台階,扭轉門環
感覺像手腳並用
「所以你要出囯了,你何時回來?
不過這問無用
你也不知道,你何時回来,
你有那麼多要學。」
我的笑容僵住在那小擺設中。

「或許你可以給我寫信」
我的镇靜憻動一秒鐘;
我也曾想到這奌。
「我最近常想
(但我們開始不知結果如何!
為什麼我們的友誼沒有進一步發展。」
我以為我在微笑,想有所表能態
忽然,在鏡中看到個不同表情的他
我的自制力熔盡,我們撤底沉入黑洞。
「因為每个人都説,我們是好友,
他們都以為我們兩情相悅
如此親近,我簡直不懂。
你得相信命。
你會寫信來吧,無論如何
也許還不太晚。
我會坐在這裏,給朋友斟茶。


我必須借殻變形
找尋合適的表情....跳舞,跳舞
像個狗熊,
怪叫著像個鸚鹉,喋喋像個猩猩
我們去透透氣,吸支煙陶醉一番
——

哦,若是她有天下午死了
下午的灰和煙,傍晚的黃和紅,
她走在我手握信筆之時
煙飄自房頂
遲疑著,好一會兒
不知如何想這感覺,或我可曾了解
是聰明,或愚蠢,是遲頓或速閃
總之,她是否佔了上風?
這首曲子成功的帶來尾聲
現在我們談到死亡
——
我是否還有資格掛著笑容?

(
他虧欠她,感到不安,是如開頭之引子所談,在感情上謀殺了她)

- 參考資料 -

Works Cited

Books:

Eliot, Thomas Stearns. The Sacred Wood and Major Early Essays. Dover Publ., 1998.

Smith, Grover. T.S. Eliot's Poetry and Plays. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1974.

Williamson, George. A Reader's Guide to T. S. Eliot: a Poem-by-Poem Analysis. Syracuse University Press, 2009.

Online Resources:

Eliot, T. S. “Portrait of a Lady by T. S. Eliot.” Poetry Foundation, Poetry Foundation, www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44213/portrait-of-a-lady-56d22338932de.

“General Editor.” Representative Poetry Online, rpo.library.utoronto.ca/.

Mambrol, Nasrullah. “Analysis of T.S. Eliot's Portrait of a Lady.” Literary Theory and Criticism, 5 July 2020, literariness.org/2020/07/05/analysis-of-t-s-eliots-portrait-of-a-lady/.

Strandberg, Victor. “The Works of T.S. Eliot Online Course Duke University.” Online Duke, 26 Oct. 2018, online.duke.edu/course/the-works-of-t-s-eliot/.

“The Portrait of a Lady.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portrait_of_a_Lady.

Tags: 趙蘭潤